引き続き藤田後期英語予想問題の続編（一部）です。 Richard Doll was born in 1912, at a time ( ア：w ) smoking was just becoming popular. His father promised his ( イ：s ) 50 pounds if he refrained ( ウ：f ) smoking until he was 21, not because he thought it was harmful, ( エ：b ) because it was a waste of money. ‘I was determined to get it,’ Doll say, ‘but I had a brother, seven years ( オ：y ) than me, and whenever we had friends in the house he ( カ：w ) say, “Oh, Richard’s not going to smoke until he’s 21!” And I finally said, “I can’t stand this any ( キ：l ) ------ give me a cigarette.”
He consumed two ounces of pipe tobacco a week and five cigarettes a day during his time as a medical student and an officer during the Second World War. ‘In the thirties, none of my teachers said ( ク：s ) was harmful,’ he remembers. The medical textbooks of the forties made brief reference to cancers of the lip and tongue, and blindness ( ケ：c ) by the combination of pipe smoke and malnutrition.
The incidence of lung ( コ：c ) had increased steadily throughout the thirties, but ( サ：n ) one knew why. Hospital beds filled up with people who arrived with choking coughs and soon graduated to emphysema, and during the war this became the second biggest cause of ( シ：d ) ( ス：a ) military action.
Richard Doll was born in 1912, at a time ( ア：when ) smoking was just becoming popular. His father promised his ( イ：son ) 50 pounds if he refrained ( ウ：from ) smoking until he was 21, not because he thought it was harmful, ( エ：but ) because it was a waste of money. ‘I was determined to get it,’ Doll say, ‘but I had a brother, seven years ( オ：younger ) than me, and whenever we had friends in the house he ( カ：would ) say, “Oh, Richard’s not going to smoke until he’s 21!” And I finally said, “I can’t stand this any ( キ：longer ) ------ give me a cigarette.” He consumed two ounces of pipe tobacco a week and five cigarettes a day during his time as a medical student and an officer during the Second World War. ‘In the thirties, none of my teachers said ( ク：smoking ) was harmful,’ he remembers. The medical textbooks of the forties made brief reference to cancers of the lip and tongue, and blindness ( ケ：caused ) by the combination of pipe smoke and malnutrition. The incidence of lung ( コ：cancer ) had increased steadily throughout the thirties, but ( サ：no ) one knew why. Hospital beds filled up with people who arrived with choking coughs and soon graduated to emphysema, and during the war this became the second biggest cause of ( シ：death ) ( ス：after ) military action.
The amount of food required by a human group limited ( ア：i ) number. Groups could not be so large ( イ：a ) to need more food ( ウ：t ) could be hunted down or gathered within a reasonable walking ( エ：d ) from their temporary encampments. If groups became larger, even an area they had never previously visited would not have enough food for everyone ( オ：w ) a reasonable hunting distance. Then tension ( カ：w ) have arisen over who got how much of the limited food available, and the resulting quarrels and disagreements would ultimately have led to group division, ( キ：w ) breakaway bands going their separate ways. This pattern began to dissolve 5,000 to 10,000 years ( ク：a ), when the development of agriculture and the domestication of wild ( ケ：a ) made settling in one place for long periods possible. Nearby food was suddenly reliably abundant. It could also be stored ( in bins or on the hoof ) for use over the winter or during droughts. Group size was no ( コ：l ) limited by “natural” food abundance, and permanent populations of hundreds or ( サ：t ) were now possible, and with the increasing sophistication of agriculture, animal production, and transportation over the ( シ：n ) few millennia, we ultimately ( ス：a ) at the crowded megalopolises of today.
The amount of food required by a human group limited ( ア：its ) number. Groups could not be so large ( イ：as ) to need more food ( ウ：that ) could be hunted down or gathered within a reasonable walking ( エ：distance ) from their temporary encampments. If groups became larger, even an area they had never previously visited would not have enough food for everyone ( オ：within ) a reasonable hunting distance. Then tension ( カ：would ) have arisen over who got how much of the limited food available, and the resulting quarrels and disagreements would ultimately have led to group division, ( キ：with ) breakaway bands going their separate ways. This pattern began to dissolve 5,000 to 10,000 years ( ク：ago ), when the development of agriculture and the domestication of wild ( ケ：animals ) made settling in one place for long periods possible. Nearby food was suddenly reliably abundant. It could also be stored ( in bins or on the hoof ) for use over the winter or during droughts. Group size was no ( コ：longer ) limited by “natural” food abundance, and permanent populations of hundreds or ( サ：thousands ) were now possible, and with the increasing sophistication of agriculture, animal production, and transportation over the ( シ：next ) few millennia, we ultimately ( ス：arrived ) at the crowded megalopolises of today.
Clonig has been defined ( ア：a ) the production of a cell or organism with the ( イ：s ) nuclear genome as another ( ウ：c ) or organism. In other ( エ：w ), cloning is the production of one or more carbon copies of any given cell, or animal, ( オ：i ) a human. It was in fact the successful cloning of a sheep, the now famous ‘Dolly’ in 1997 ( カ：t ) represented a major breakthrough in the cloning arena.
The production of cloned animals ( キ：h ) stimulated much interest and anxiety worldwide, due to the implications this may have for human cloning. There are various potential uses of cloning techniques and a discussion ( ク：o ) these will help to identify ( ケ：b ) the scientific and ethical issues involved. From a scientific viewpoint, cloning opens up numerous potential research and therapeutic opportunities. For ( コ：e ), it may increase our understanding of the fundamental processes of cellular differentiation, thereby making possible its reversal, and hence providing a ( サ：m ) of controlling pathological and aging processes. Cloning technology also has the potential to improve the efficiency of production of transgenic livestock, ( シ：w ) could be used both for the production of organs or tissues for transplantation into humans, and ( ス：f ) the production of human proteins in cow’s or goat’s milk.
